INTRODUCTION:

1. The capacity to invade to other body organs. Tumor i.e. Neoplasm may be defined as a group of cell that has undergone unregulated growth, and forms a mass but aredistributed diffusely.

Fig.01. Etiopathogenesis of Cancer¹

Fig.02. Causes of cancer

2. THERAPY:

There are various treatments for cancer. The treatment depends upon the level of cancer. Basically it includes:

1. Surgery

2. Radiation therapy

3. Chemotherapy

4. Immunotherapy

5. Targeted therapy

6. Hormone therapy

7. Steam cell therapy

8. Precision medicine

9. Nanotechnology³

3. NANOTECHNOLOGY:

Nanotechnology is rapidly developing subclass of technology that has great influence on many fields. Medicine is alsoinfluenced nanotechnology; since in cancer treatment Nano technologically modified methods can be used. One of the developing usage fields of nanotechnology is cancer treatment. Nanotechnology can assist to havebetter diagnosis with less harmful substances involved in it. Nanotechnology is also used in molecular imaging with tomography and photo acoustic imaging of tumors and therapy of cancer as photo thermaland radiotherapy. Nanotechnology is still developing science can be hoped as a next generation diagnostic medium for cancer disease; at the same time it has certain advantages for the treatment of patient suffering from cancer. Technology is the key of people’s lives in the coming future. In the nearfuture of technology; nanotechnologies will haveconsequences of research an important role. Bio-products, tools, devices, materials are influencedfrom the developments on nanotechnology. With nanotechnology; more useful devices, better drugs for diseases,more appropriate materials for construction can be developed. Nanotechnology will have great influence on medicine and other life sciences. The increasednumber of research in cancer treatment with Nano technologically modified drugs are increasing day to day and have had some impact on this issue. These modern improvements can be used forcancer patients; because nanotechnology has better cancerdiagnosis, more efficient drug delivery to tumor cells, & moleculartargeted cancer therapy. One of the main usage fields of optical nanoparticles is to allowbetter cancer detection. To eliminate certain concerns, opticallynanoparticles in diagnosis are possible technique that can be used. This technique works with special dyes to interact with tumor cells and opticalnanoparticles can be detected the detection of cancerwith optical nanoparticles is new & developing subject, but it has considerable benefits for diagnosis⁴.

4. NANOPARTICLES:

The size of nanoparticles range from 10 nm to 100 nm, are emerging as a class oftherapeutics for cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can be composed of several functional molecules, such as smallmolecule drugs, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. By using bothpassive and active targeting planning, nanoparticles can increase theintracellular concentration of drugs in cancer cells while on other hand minimizes thetoxicity in normal cells; simantenously nanoparticles offer the potential to overcome drug resistance. Since nanoparticles canbypass the P-glycoprotein efflux pump, one of the main drugresistance mechanisms, leading to greater intracellularaccumulation⁵.

Fig. 03. Schematics of human body with pathways of exposure to nanoparticles, affected organs, and associated diseases from epidemiological, in vivo and in vitro studies⁶.

4.1. Properties of nanoparticles:

Nanoparticles holds the following properties,

1. Nanoparticles are of Nano-size (i.e. 10 nm to 100 nm)

2. They possess an unique pharmacokinetics, including minimal renal filtration

3. They have unique physical and chemical properties that give them advantages as drug delivery carriers or Nano-carriers and diagnosis probes.

4. They have a maximum surface: volume ratio that helps for surface functionalization as well as incorporation of a therapeutics load.

5. Due to their Nano-size and tunable surface properties enabling them for synthesis of aqueous, injectable solutions and the development of passive or active targeted systems.

6. They potentially have better visibility to tumor sites.

7. Generally, a neutral-charged nanoparticle can achieve a long circulation time and reduce the chance of nanoparticles capture by the immune system.

8. A proper surface coating is essential to the stability and circulation time of nanoparticles delivery systems.

Fig.04. Advantages of Nanoparticles⁷

4.2. Nanoparticles for tumor targeting and delivery: Nanoparticles used for anticancer drug delivery can be made from a variety of materials i.e.

Ÿ Polymeric nanoparticles

Ÿ Liposomal nanoparticles

Ÿ Metallic nanoparticles⁽⁵⁾

Ÿ Dendrimers

Ÿ Carbon nanotubes

Ÿ Nanopores

Ÿ Quantum dots⁸

Fig.05. Nanoparticles for tumor targeting and delivery⁵

4.2.1. Metallic nanoparticles:

The term metal nanoparticles is used to describe nanosizedmetals with particular dimensions (length, width or thickness) within the range of 1‐100 nm. The existence of metallic nanoparticles in solution was first recognized by Faraday in 1857 and a quantitative explanation of their color was given by Mie in 1908.

4.2.1.1. Characteristics of metallic nanoparticles:

Ÿ It has large surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio as compared to the bulk equivalents

Ÿ It holds large surface energies

Ÿ Provides specific electronic structures (local density of states LDOS)

Ÿ Plasmon excitation is seen

Ÿ Quantum confinement

Ÿ It also has Short range ordering

A large number of low coordination sites such as corners and edges, having a large number of “dangling bonds˝ and consequently specific and chemical properties and the ability to store excess electrons

Fig.06.Characterization of metallic nanoparticles

4.2.1.2. Types:

1. Gold Nanoparticles

2. Silver Nanoparticles

3. Iron-Cobalt/Ferrite Core–Shell Nanoparticles

4. Platinum Nanoparticles

5. Noble Metal Nanoparticles

6. Some other metallic nanoparticles are also available like Palladinium, Zinc, Cadmium, Copper etc⁹.

4.2.1.2.1. Nobel Metal Nanoparticle: Nanoparticles: (NPs), and noble metal NPs in particular, are the agents with some biomedical applications including their use in highly sensitive diagnostic assays, thermal ablation, and radiotherapy enhancement, as well as drugand gene delivery. Noble metal NPs are nontoxic carriers for drug and gene-delivery applications. Additionally, simultaneous it provides diagnostic and therapy for disease.

Once the tumor is directly connected to the main blood circulation system, NPs can exploit several characteristics of newly formed target tumors blood capillaries supply tumor cells that perfuse the cells of the tissue where NPs can either passively accumulate or anchor through targeting moieties to biomarkers over express by tumor cells.NPs act simultaneously as therapeutic agents, inducing hyperthermia, enhancing radiotherapy, silencing genes, and/or delivering drugs to induce tumor cell death, and as imaging enhancers or contrast agents, to help tracking the therapeutic effects in real time.

The unique characteristics of noble metal NPs, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, broad optical properties, ease of synthesis, and facile surface chemistry and functionalization, hold pledge in the clinical ﬁeld for cancer therapeutics.

Fig. 07. Noble metal NPs for cancer therapy

4.2.1.2.1.1. Therapy:

Ÿ Tumor Targeting

Ÿ Gene Silencing

Ÿ Hyperthermia

Ÿ Drug Delivery

Ÿ Radiotherapy

4.2.1.2.1.1.1. Tumor targeting:

NPs targeting strategies to cancerous tissues have focused on passive and active targeting.

· Passive targeting- Passive targeting takes advantage of the inherent size of nanoparticles and the unique properties of tumor vasculature, such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and the tumor microenvironment. This approach can effectively enhance drug bioavailability and efficacy.

· Active targeting-It involves the attachment of a homing moiety, such as a monoclonal antibody or a ligand, to deliver a drug to pathological sites or to cross biological barriers based on molecular recognition processes.

4.2.1.2.1.1.2. Gene silencing:

Antisense DNA and RNA interference (RNAi) via the use of small-interfering RNA have emerged as powerful and useful tool to block gene function and for sequence-speciﬁc post transcriptional gene silencing, playing an important role in down regulation of speciﬁc gene expression in cancer cells.

4.2.1.2.1.1.3. Hyperthermia:

The eﬀect of increasing temperatures of living cells is called Hyperthermia. And it is commonly accepted that above 42°C cell viability is strongly reduced. In fact, hyperthermia eﬀects can range from moderate denaturation of blood and extracellular proteins to induction of apoptosis and, above 50◦C, to cell death and tissue ablation. Hyperthermia therapy in cancer has been widely used either via direct irradiation or suitable temperature vectors, such as metal NPs. In Nano particulate mediated hyperthermia for cancer, NPs heat up cancerous cells beyond their temperature tolerance limits, which are lower than normal healthy tissue due to their poor blood supply, killing them selectively. This can be achieved by exposing the entire patient or the targeted area to an alternating current magnetic ﬁeld, an intense light source or radiofrequencies which will cause the NPs to heat up and induce thermal ablation of the tumor.

4.2.1.2.1.1.4. Drug delivery:

Nobel nanoparticles can be used as vectors for targeting cancer tissue/cells so as to optimize bio distribution of drugs. The NPs’ performance as drug vectors depends on the size and surface functionalities of the particles, drug release rate, and particle disintegration. These systems show evidence of enhanced delivery of unstable drugs, more targeted distribution and capability to evade/bypass biological barriers.

4.2.1.2.1.1.5. Radiotherapy:

Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation for cancer treatment to control the proliferation of malignant cells. Noble metal NPs can act as antennas, providing enhanced radiation targeting with lower radiation doses, consequently avoiding damage to healthy tissues.

4.2.1.2.1.1.5.1. Imaging:

· Most of the noble metal NPs can be used for the simultaneous actuation and tracking in vivo

· Other metals like Palladinium [Pd], Zinc [Zn], cadmium [Cd], Copper [Cu] etc. have been used as biomedical nanoparticles in some context. Therefore noble metal nanoparticles have shown to be powerful tools against cancer.

Fig.08. Imaging⁸

4.3. SilverNanoparticles:

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used in various fields, including medical, food, health care, consumer, and industrial purposes, due to their unique physical and chemical properties. These include optical, electrical, and thermal, high electrical conductivity, and biological properties. Due to their special properties, they have been used for several applications, including as antibacterial agents, in industrial, household, and healthcare-related products, in consumer products, medical device coatings, optical sensors, and cosmetics, in the pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, in diagnostics, orthopedics, drug delivery, as anticancer agents, and have ultimately enhanced the tumor-killing effects of anticancer drugs Recently, AgNPs are frequently used in many textiles, keyboards, wound dressings, and biomedical devices . Nanosized metallic particles are unique and can considerably change physical, chemical, and biological properties due to their surface-to-volume ratio; therefore, these nanoparticles have been exploited for various purposes. In order to fulfill the needs of AgNPs, various methods have been utilized for synthesis. Generally, conventional physical and chemical methods seem to be very expensive and hazardous, biologically-prepared AgNPs show high yield, solubility, and high stability. Among several synthetic methods for AgNPs, biological methods seem to be simple, rapid, non-toxic, dependable, and green approaches that can produce well-defined size and morphology under optimized conditions for translational research. In the end, a green chemistry approach for the synthesis of AgNPs shows much promise.

After synthesis, precise particle characterization is necessary, because the physicochemical properties of a particle could have a significant impact on their biological properties. In order to address the safety issue to use the full potential of any nano material in the purpose of human welfare, in nanomedicines, or in the health care industry, etc., it is necessary to characterize the prepared nanoparticles before application. The characteristic feature of nanomaterials, such as size, shape, size distribution, surface area, shape, solubility, aggregation, etc. need to be evaluated before assessing toxicity or biocompatibility. To evaluate the synthesized nanomaterials, many analytical techniques have been used, including ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis spectroscopy), X-ray etc.The biological activity of AgNPs depends on factors including surface chemistry, size, size distribution, shape, particle morphology, particle composition, coating/capping, agglomeration, and dissolution rate, particle reactivity in solution, efficiency of ion release, and cell fractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the type of reducing agents used for the synthesis of AgNPs is a crucial factor for the determination of cytotoxicity. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic agents after both systemic and local administration. Over all the development of AgNPs with controlled structures that are uniform in size, morphology, and functionality are essential for various biomedical applications. Recently, AgNPs have been shown much interest because of their therapeutic applications in cancer as anticancer agents, in diagnostics, and in probing. Taken literature into consideration, in this review we focused on recent developments in synthesis, characterization, properties, and bio-applications mainly on the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic properties of AgNPs in a single platform.

Fig.09. Mechanism of action of silver nanoparticles¹⁰

4.3.1 Syntheses of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Property:

4.3.1.1. Physical Approach:

Here in physical processes, metal nanoparticles are generally synthesized by evaporation condensation, which could becarried out using a tube furnace at atmospheric pressure. The source material within a boat centered at the furnace is vaporized into a carrier gas. Nanoparticles of various materials, such as Ag, Au, PbS and fullerene, have previouslybeen produced using the evaporation/condensation technique. However, the generation of AgNPs using a tube furnace has several drawbacks, because a tube furnace occupies a large space, consumes a great deal of energy while raising the environmental temperature around the source material, and requires a lot of time to achieve thermalstability. A typical tube furnace requires power consumption of more than several kilowatts and a preheating time of several tens of minutes to attain a stable operating temperature bulk. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles have been synthesized with laser ablation of metallic materials in solution. The physical approach can permit producing large quantities of AgNPs samples in a singleprocess. This is also the most useful method to produce Ag NPs powder. However, primary costs for investment ofequipment should be considered.

4.3.1.2. Photochemical Approach:

The photo-induced synthetic strategies have also been developed. For example, Huang and Yang synthesized AgNPs via photo reduction of AgNO3 in layered inorganic clay suspensions, which serves as stabilizing agent thatprevent nanoparticles from aggregation. Irradiation disintegrated the AgNPs into smaller size with a single modedistribution until a relatively stable size and diameter distribution were achieved. However, in this method, theequipment’s with high cost and experimental environment are required.

4.3.1.3. Biological Approach:

Nowadays, biosynthetic methods using naturally reducing agents such as polysaccharides, biological microorganism such as bacteria and fungus or plants extract, i.e. green chemistry, have emerged as simple and viable alternative tomore complex chemical synthetic procedures to obtain AgNPs. Bacteria are helpful to produce inorganic materials byeither intra- or extracellular process. This makes them potential biofactories for the synthesis of nanoparticles like gold andsilver. Particularly, silver is well known for its biotical properties. A. R. Vilchis-Nestor et al. used green tea (Camelliasinensis) extract as reducing and stabilizing agent to produce gold silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution at ambient conditions. Moreover, K. Kalishwaralal et al. reported the synthesis of AgNPs by reduction of aqueous Ag+ ions with the culture supernatant of Bacillus licheniformis. The synthesized AgNPs are highly stable and this method has advantages over other methods as the organism used here is a nonpathogenic bacterium. The biological method provides a wide range of resources for the synthesis of AgNPs, and thismethodcan be considered as a method of nanoparticles synthesis with advantages over conventional chemical routesof synthesis and as an environmentally friendly approach as well as a low cost technique. However, it has a drawback that a large quantity of AgNPs by using biological synthesis.

4.3.1.4. Chemical Approach

Fig.10.Application of silver nanoparticles¹²

Chemicalreduction is the most common method because of itsconvenience and simple equipment. Control over the growthof metal nanoparticles is required to obtain nanoparticles ofsmall size with a spherical shape and narrow distribution indiameter. It is well known that silver nanoparticles can beproduced by chemical reaction at low cost and in high yield¹¹.

4.4. Goldnanoparticle:

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in biologyhas more attraction attention due to its biocompatibility, controlled fabrication, and functionalversatility. Stimulated by the pioneering work of Brustet al. in 1994, thiolprotected AuNPs have evolved to one of the most widely studied particle-ligand systems. The optical, electronic and bioinert properties of the gold core combined with the versatilesurface functionalization facilitate the applications of these materials in both fundamentalresearch and industrial development. These functional nanomaterials have shownpromising potential in electronics, catalysis, biosensing, and nanomedicine.

Fig.11. Schematic illustration of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles: theinorganic gold core protected by an organic monolayer that can feature chemicallydifferent end group for a myriad of biomedical applications.

The functionalization of gold clusters is achieved through Brust-Schriffrinreduction followed by Murray place-exchange reaction with appropriate functionalligands. The incorporation of multiple functionality with in the scaffold of a single clustercoupled with a scale comparable with biomacromolecules (e.g. proteins and DNA) provides multiple applications at the interface of biotechnology andnanomaterials. Forinstance, some recent studies have shown that proper surface functionalization holds greatpromise in disrupting protein-protein interaction, regulating DNA transcription, genetransfection, etc.

4.4.1. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles:

AuNPs can be synthesized by two methods either through chemical reduction of gold salts orthrough the physical treatment of bulk gold. The synthesis of AuNPs has been widelyexplored during the past few decades. Concurrently various strategies have been appliedto control their size, shape, stability, solubility, and surface functionality. AuNPsofvarious sizes can be prepared by using appropriate stabilizing agents during the chemicalreduction of gold salts. These stabilizing agents provide the necessary barrier to avoidparticle coalescence. Some common synthetic methods of AuNPs were explained inIn 1994. The breakthrough in AuNP synthesis was achieved by Brust andSchriffin.15 AuNPs soluble in organic solvents were synthesized by using the surfacetanttetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) to transfer hydrogen tetrachloroaurate from aqueous phase to toluene phase.

Fig.12. Synthesis of AuNP and its surface functionalization through place exchangereaction¹³

4.4.2. Drugs in gold nanoparticles:

Some drugs in the form of Gold nanoparticles which enhances the drug delivery in the body with less toxic effects includes oxaliplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin, Methotrexate etc.

4.4.2.1. Oxaliplatin

Fig.13. Chemical synthesis of the platinum-tethered gold nanoparticles¹⁴

The drug cisplatin and its analogues carboplatin and oxaliplatin are mainly used in the treatment of cancer. Normally it acts by binding the DNA and prevents the transcription and replication. So here there is rise of induce cellular apoptosis. Oxaliplatin is the worldwide approved drug. The use of cisplatin is limited due to its severe dose-limiting side effects like nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neurotoxicity. Like cisplatin, the use of oxaliplatin is limited by neurotoxicity, nausea, and vomiting.

Many of the side effects of cisplatin and oxaliplatin are due to their nonspeciﬁc attack of all rapidly dividing cells. Therefore for avoiding the nonspecificity these drugs are used in the form of the gold nanoparticles. As we know that gold nanoparticles have ideal drug delivery system and known to be non-toxic and non-immunogenic characteristics, Typically gold nanoparticles ranging from 13 to 60 nm can be easily made by a simple reduction of the gold salts in water or by starting with seed particles of 13 to 20 nm followed by a second reduction step involving more gold salt.It is notified that gold nanoparticles with platinum tethering are more beneficial in anticancer drug delivery rather than use of as such gold nanoparticles. The synthesis of both the gold nanoparticles is as follow: Synthesis of Naked Gold Nanoparticles- NaAuCl₄·2H₂O (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in distilled water (500 mL) and heated to 100 °C with continuous stirring. Upon boiling, sodium citrate (1% m/v, 7.5 ml) was added, and the solution boiled for 15 min before cooling to room temperature. UV-visible spectra (λ max: 519-523 nm) indicated the successful formation of the colloid.

4.4.2.2. Doxorubicin:

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major impediment to the success of cancer chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance in cancer cells can be significantly overcome by a combination of highly efficient cellular entry and a responsive intracellular release of doxorubicin from the gold nanoparticles in acidic organelles. DOX-AuNPs enhanced drug accumulation and retention in multidrug resistant cancer cells when it was compared with free doxorubicin. It released doxorubicin in response to the pH of acidic organelles following endocytosis, opposite to the non effective drug release from doxorubicin-tethered gold nanoparticles via the carbamate linkage, which has shown by the recovered fluorescence of doxorubicin from quenching due to the nano-surface energy transfer between the doxorubicinylgroups and the gold nanoparticles. DOX-AuNPs therefore significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and induced elevated apoptosis of cancer cells. With a combined therapeutic potential and ability to probe drug release, DOX-AuNPs represent a model with dual roles i.e. in overcoming MDR in cancer cells and probing the intracellular release of drug from its delivery system.

Fig.14.Model of DOX-AuNPs¹⁵

4.4. Iron-Cobalt/Ferrite Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have been the focus of vast scientific interest due to their potential for numerous applications in nanomedicine. These include being utilized in the recovery of metal ions and dyes, magnetic bio separation, targeted therapy, drug delivery, biological detection and imaging. Magnetic separation techniques possess the advantage of rapid, high efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. Also, they have been shown to be highly efficient as supports in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to the high specific area and magnetic recoverability. MNPs possess large surface area to volume ratios due to their nano-size, low surface charge at physiological pH and they aggregate easily in solution due to their inherent magnetic nature. In some cases an unwanted aggregation may decrease the long term stability of products leading to large nanoparticle clusters which are undesirable for medical application. Additionally, degradation of iron oxide into free ions in physiological environmentshas been reported to increase free radical production in cells causing damage which may cause cell death Therefore, these particles are commonly coated with organic macromolecules such as poly (acrylic acid) PAA, Dextran and poly (ethyleneimine) (PEI) or coatings such as silica, carbon or precious metals (e.g. gold or silver)

Fig.15.Application of iron oxide nanoparticles

The most desirable MNPs are composed of the iron oxide core surrounded by a biocompatible surface coating which shows stabilization under physiological environment. With further surface modification, the attachment of functional ligands and drug molecules is possible allowing for increased functionality. The modification and functionalization of MNPs have been shown to improve their magnetic properties and influence their behaviour in vivo. MNPs have been clinically exploited as contrast enhancement agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This is due to their ability to enhance the proton relaxation of specific tissue¹⁶.

Fig.16. Representation of MRI targeting with TMMC for liver chemoembolization¹⁷

4.5. Platinum Nanoparticles:

Ÿ Platinum is known as a effective material for future cancer therapy.

Ÿ This is a new strategy based on the combination of platinum nanoparticles with irradiation by fast ions effectively used in hadron therapy.

Ÿ The combination of fast ion radiation (hadron therapy) with platinum nanoparticles should strongly improve cancer therapy protocols.

Ÿ One of the most promising techniques in cancer therapy is hadron therapy (or proton therapy), where fast carbon (or proton) ions are used as an alternative to hard x-rays.

Ÿ The advantage of these techniques stems from the unique ballistic effect of the ions, which differs strongly from electrons and photons.

Ÿ In addition, due to their large cross section of interaction with matter, the ions are three times more efficient than conventional radiations.

Ÿ Finally, the treatment by fast ions opens new perspectives for an efficient and less traumatic eradication of cancers, including radio-resistant tumors seated in badly sensitive tissues difﬁcult to access for surgery (brain, eyes, and children’s tumors).

Ÿ This explains the fast expansion of hadron therapy and proton therapy centers in the world.

Ÿ The addition of high-Z nanoparticles with fast ion irradiation is a very promising method for future advances in cancer therapy¹⁸

5. NANOTECHNOLOGY-THE FUTURE OF CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY:

Due to the enormous properties of nanoparticles and there increase in use in cancer treatment, it is clear that in future it is widely used and most acceptable phenomenon. Nanoparticles have unique biological properties given their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows them to bind, absorb, and carry compounds such as small molecule drugs, DNA, RNA, proteins, and probes with high efficiency. The nanoparticles can be used as a carrier for drug delivery, as therapeutic agents, imaging agents and theranostic agents etc¹⁹.

6. CONCLUSION:

Nanoparticulate drug delivery system is found to be better than the other systems which are in use now. In this system of drug delivery there is increase in the bioavailability, solubility and permeability of drugs which are generally difficult to deliver orally. Nanoparticles provide the treatment by targeted drug delivery system. The drugs which are not stable in physiological environment or cannot absorb orally due to problems like gastric pH can be used in the form of metallic nanoparticles. By the combination of one or two metals there is fast recovery in cancer due to synergistic effect. Due to nanoparticles we can detect the cancer in early stages and therefore there is increase in life of cancer patients. The approximate size of metallic nanoparticles is 1-100 nm and the size of cancerous cells is 10-100 nm while normal cells have less than 10nm (<10 nm) size. Therefore the metallic nanoparticles have increased the permeability to enter in cancerous cells without touching the normal cells. Hence there is 100% dosage is available only for cancerous cells. The metallic nanoparticles needs to further studies of their pharmacokinetic properties for knowing their whole potential.

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Received on 27.08.2018 Accepted on 22.10.2018

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2019; 9(1):40-48.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5713.2019.00008.4